Dear all,
Objection for the final exam will be held tomorrow (27 January Wednesday) at 14.30 at Cultural Heritage Museum (50 meters down the Female Dorm in the South Campus).
26 Ocak 2010 Salı
Final Exam Results
2001100493 0
2008209087 79
2007100040 0
2008208015 55
2008208102 79
2008209081 86
2002102617 0
2008205117 55
2008404165 78
2006100292 62
2008208120 75
2008207099 99
2008208135 65
2007101096 63
2004101570 73
9907148 60
2003000215 0
2008208033 81
2007102401 74
2003100583 62
2007100511 59
2005101171 58
2008208084 0
2006104972 73
2004102104 0
2008209060 72
2007104393 82
2008208063 69
2009207081 80
2008207111 92
2007102074 81
2007104201 78
9402005 0
2008207096 74
2007100337 83
2008101012 80
2006103085 51
2009207171 73
2007101774 69
2008110075 78
2005200069 0
2007103376 75
2008207081 105
2008207039 89
2008207114 88
2008207087 91
2005104231 0
2008209126 0
2007200324 32
2008302225 58
2007100967 90
2008209075 67
2008205045 0
2004104489 0
2008110126 56
2000101834 0
2008208045 75
2008302204 70
2008209006 88
2007100826 63
2008208000 75
2008207075 61
2002100307 53
2008404060 90
2008208069 77
2008302216 66
2004100046 0
2007200028 0
2007101021 70
2008302258 60
2008208060 78
2006104525 84
2008302039 49
2006102674 66
2005104654 59
2008207060 70
2007102587 85
2008209105 0
2008110129 70
2008208105 70
2004101450 0
2007104378 60
2008207042 68
2008404033 91
2005101066 69
2008207138 71
2008209036 63
2007101939 43
2009208126 64
2005100451 82
2009302195 84
2008207069 83
2007100220 62
2007102071 69
2006103751 77
2004101069 0
2008209042 93
2008207063 72
2008302240 83
2008207120 80
9833027 0
2007103430 46
2009402018 99
2008208024 66
2008207048 79
2008207051 61
2006100403 59
2008208057 67
2008208054 76
2004100301 0
2008207054 84
2008209069 36
2008209054 92
2008208087 35
2007103247 70
2008207129 75
2008207036 0
2008208111 53
2008209117 89
2008207117 96
2008209114 69
2006104747 61
2007100457 70
2007103214 97
2007103214 0
2008110063 63
2007101972 83
2008105159 0
2005102338 0
2008208093 48
2007100373 0
2006103478 0
2008302069 66
2009207075 44
2008209024 79
2005100553 16
2008207093 96
2006100934 71
2005600031 76
2009209081 77
2006200330 0
2008207012 42
2008205096 55
2008302090 76
2006103031 94
2008209045 72
2006000097 0
2008207045 60
2008302018 81
2008208108 73
2007100364 74
2008208012 0
2004104423 0
2008110012 77
2008110006 77
2009302279 100
2008207078 83
2006102416 0
2008302255 64
2008302042 74
2009207177 99
2008302036 78
2008207132 78
2008208048 52
2009302135 97
2008208042 65
2006200043 0
2009302261 71
2008207033 84
2008207102 0
2008208006 30
2007102233 69
2006101120 63
2008207027 81
2008209027 89
2005100775 0
2008110069 42
2004200051 24
2008207126 86
2008207105 0
2009208042 73
2007102389 70
2008208009 73
2008207135 75
2008208126 23
2007104186 67
2008107063 67
2008208027 55
2009302267 102
8546203 0
2006104495 0
2006102329 83
2007102359 95
2008302144 59
2008208003 65
2003102932 0
2008302066 90
2008302114 84
2009208141 81
2008207009 77
2008110153 75
2009208090 89
2008209078 76
2008207066 82
2008302237 100
2008110084 67
2009302297 85
2008209129 49
2008110027 99
2008302120 52
2008207108 73
2008404066 59
2008302075 68
2009207096 96
2008404012 0
2009302282 55
2006102083 42
2006102602 50
2007101561 97
2008208018 76
2009208018 65
2008302174 64
9009690 77
2009302231 85
2008209000 61
2008209156 0
2008110114 80
2008110036 87
2008302138 62
2008207006 83
2007101705 55
2007100958 85
2008208039 65
2005104117 0
2007104213 63
2008207123 77
2007104213 0
2008208096 39
2008208099 70
2008208066 42
2009690297 56
2006105077 77
2007104108 75
2008207024 92
2005103697 0
2007102734 69
2004102527 45
2008402159 98
2008209132 69
2008302222 79
2009302150 103
2008110021 37
2007103925 68
2008404162 76
2008209099 79
2008207030 0
2009208051 85
2008110045 44
2008302126 87
2007102821 71
2008209087 79
2007100040 0
2008208015 55
2008208102 79
2008209081 86
2002102617 0
2008205117 55
2008404165 78
2006100292 62
2008208120 75
2008207099 99
2008208135 65
2007101096 63
2004101570 73
9907148 60
2003000215 0
2008208033 81
2007102401 74
2003100583 62
2007100511 59
2005101171 58
2008208084 0
2006104972 73
2004102104 0
2008209060 72
2007104393 82
2008208063 69
2009207081 80
2008207111 92
2007102074 81
2007104201 78
9402005 0
2008207096 74
2007100337 83
2008101012 80
2006103085 51
2009207171 73
2007101774 69
2008110075 78
2005200069 0
2007103376 75
2008207081 105
2008207039 89
2008207114 88
2008207087 91
2005104231 0
2008209126 0
2007200324 32
2008302225 58
2007100967 90
2008209075 67
2008205045 0
2004104489 0
2008110126 56
2000101834 0
2008208045 75
2008302204 70
2008209006 88
2007100826 63
2008208000 75
2008207075 61
2002100307 53
2008404060 90
2008208069 77
2008302216 66
2004100046 0
2007200028 0
2007101021 70
2008302258 60
2008208060 78
2006104525 84
2008302039 49
2006102674 66
2005104654 59
2008207060 70
2007102587 85
2008209105 0
2008110129 70
2008208105 70
2004101450 0
2007104378 60
2008207042 68
2008404033 91
2005101066 69
2008207138 71
2008209036 63
2007101939 43
2009208126 64
2005100451 82
2009302195 84
2008207069 83
2007100220 62
2007102071 69
2006103751 77
2004101069 0
2008209042 93
2008207063 72
2008302240 83
2008207120 80
9833027 0
2007103430 46
2009402018 99
2008208024 66
2008207048 79
2008207051 61
2006100403 59
2008208057 67
2008208054 76
2004100301 0
2008207054 84
2008209069 36
2008209054 92
2008208087 35
2007103247 70
2008207129 75
2008207036 0
2008208111 53
2008209117 89
2008207117 96
2008209114 69
2006104747 61
2007100457 70
2007103214 97
2007103214 0
2008110063 63
2007101972 83
2008105159 0
2005102338 0
2008208093 48
2007100373 0
2006103478 0
2008302069 66
2009207075 44
2008209024 79
2005100553 16
2008207093 96
2006100934 71
2005600031 76
2009209081 77
2006200330 0
2008207012 42
2008205096 55
2008302090 76
2006103031 94
2008209045 72
2006000097 0
2008207045 60
2008302018 81
2008208108 73
2007100364 74
2008208012 0
2004104423 0
2008110012 77
2008110006 77
2009302279 100
2008207078 83
2006102416 0
2008302255 64
2008302042 74
2009207177 99
2008302036 78
2008207132 78
2008208048 52
2009302135 97
2008208042 65
2006200043 0
2009302261 71
2008207033 84
2008207102 0
2008208006 30
2007102233 69
2006101120 63
2008207027 81
2008209027 89
2005100775 0
2008110069 42
2004200051 24
2008207126 86
2008207105 0
2009208042 73
2007102389 70
2008208009 73
2008207135 75
2008208126 23
2007104186 67
2008107063 67
2008208027 55
2009302267 102
8546203 0
2006104495 0
2006102329 83
2007102359 95
2008302144 59
2008208003 65
2003102932 0
2008302066 90
2008302114 84
2009208141 81
2008207009 77
2008110153 75
2009208090 89
2008209078 76
2008207066 82
2008302237 100
2008110084 67
2009302297 85
2008209129 49
2008110027 99
2008302120 52
2008207108 73
2008404066 59
2008302075 68
2009207096 96
2008404012 0
2009302282 55
2006102083 42
2006102602 50
2007101561 97
2008208018 76
2009208018 65
2008302174 64
9009690 77
2009302231 85
2008209000 61
2008209156 0
2008110114 80
2008110036 87
2008302138 62
2008207006 83
2007101705 55
2007100958 85
2008208039 65
2005104117 0
2007104213 63
2008207123 77
2007104213 0
2008208096 39
2008208099 70
2008208066 42
2009690297 56
2006105077 77
2007104108 75
2008207024 92
2005103697 0
2007102734 69
2004102527 45
2008402159 98
2008209132 69
2008302222 79
2009302150 103
2008110021 37
2007103925 68
2008404162 76
2008209099 79
2008207030 0
2009208051 85
2008110045 44
2008302126 87
2007102821 71
13 Ocak 2010 Çarşamba
FINAL EXAM PLACES
16 JANUARY 10.00
NH 301: Hist 105.01, Hist 105.02, Hist 105.08
NH 305: Hist 105.06, Hist 105.09, Hist 105.11
NH 401: Hist 105.07, Hist 105.10, Hist 105.12
NH 405: Hist 105.03, Hist 105.04, Hist 105.05
NH 301: Hist 105.01, Hist 105.02, Hist 105.08
NH 305: Hist 105.06, Hist 105.09, Hist 105.11
NH 401: Hist 105.07, Hist 105.10, Hist 105.12
NH 405: Hist 105.03, Hist 105.04, Hist 105.05
3 Ocak 2010 Pazar
The Genghisid World-Empire
Mongol rule and successor states, 13th, 14th centuries
1.
Mongol tribal confederacy under Genghis (Cengiz), the Great Khan, or Khagan (Hakan), 1206. Capital city: Karakorum
Conquests in China, Central Asia and Iran, Russia and Eastern Europe, Mesopotamia and Syria
Khanates:
* Golden Horde in Russia
* Ilkhans in Iran; Centered in Tabriz and Sultaniyya
(Sack of Baghdad, 1258)
* Mongol Yuan dynasty in China; Kubilai Khan (1260-1294);
Capital of the great khanate: Khanbalik (modern Beijing)
* Chagatai khanate
2.
Connections across Eurasia through the “Pax Mongolica”
Consolidation of global trade network; radical increase in volume of trade across Eurasia
Silk road, controlled and secured by the Mongol rule: creates space for the exchange of luxury goods, for cultural encounters between the Mediterranean and Asia, for the transfer of technology and science
Mongol decline renders land routes dangerous; explorations of sea routes to shape emerging early modern world
Timurid invasions, 1360’s - 1405
3.
Mongol legacy
Cultural eclecticism and inclusivism of Mongol rulers across Asia; east Asian cultural forms travel west. Appropriations of local cultural forms by newly established Mongol polities
Genghisid notions of world rule: to shape notions of world rule in the late medieval and early modern Turco-Persian world, in the Timurid, Ottoman, Mughal empires
1.
Mongol tribal confederacy under Genghis (Cengiz), the Great Khan, or Khagan (Hakan), 1206. Capital city: Karakorum
Conquests in China, Central Asia and Iran, Russia and Eastern Europe, Mesopotamia and Syria
Khanates:
* Golden Horde in Russia
* Ilkhans in Iran; Centered in Tabriz and Sultaniyya
(Sack of Baghdad, 1258)
* Mongol Yuan dynasty in China; Kubilai Khan (1260-1294);
Capital of the great khanate: Khanbalik (modern Beijing)
* Chagatai khanate
2.
Connections across Eurasia through the “Pax Mongolica”
Consolidation of global trade network; radical increase in volume of trade across Eurasia
Silk road, controlled and secured by the Mongol rule: creates space for the exchange of luxury goods, for cultural encounters between the Mediterranean and Asia, for the transfer of technology and science
Mongol decline renders land routes dangerous; explorations of sea routes to shape emerging early modern world
Timurid invasions, 1360’s - 1405
3.
Mongol legacy
Cultural eclecticism and inclusivism of Mongol rulers across Asia; east Asian cultural forms travel west. Appropriations of local cultural forms by newly established Mongol polities
Genghisid notions of world rule: to shape notions of world rule in the late medieval and early modern Turco-Persian world, in the Timurid, Ottoman, Mughal empires
Medieval Chinese Society and Culture
Medieval Chinese Society and Culture: Tang Dynasty 618-907, Emperor Tang Taizong (559-649) and Empress Wu
The medieval era in China: the first international experience of Chinese History.
Two important developments mark this experience:
1. internationalization of the Chinese world
Extension all the way to Central Asia
Conversion to Buddhism (in contrast to the ethnically Chinese traditions of Daoism and Confucianism)
2. Continuous fight between Chinese and the Federation of Nomads
This led to the strengthening of the state. As part of this process, the state examinations and the idea of meritocracy were revived. Such bureaucratic development effected other neighboring countries as well such as Vietnam, Korea, Japan and Uygurs.
IN THE TANG PERIOD
Reunified territories
Extension of territories
Incorporation of Buddhism
Development of statecraft that was copied by others (Very much like Rome but much more effectively )
Medieval Central Asia:Sufis, Saints and Nomads
The Tomb of Aisha Bibi
Tomb of Ahmed Yesevi
Pre-Mongolian : first wave of conversion to Islam, without important centers of conversion, emphasis on the person
Central Asian Sufism: earlier belief systems such as ancestor worship, animistic beliefs and Buddhism facilitated the spread of Islam through a flexible and unorthodox practice, that is Sufism.
The spread of Sufism itself was through figures who played the most important roles. Ahmed Yesevi is one of them. (Aslanbab, his teacher: teachers also respected in central Asian sufism)
After the 14th century: 2nd wave of conversion, this time emphasis was no longer only on the person but many centers where Arabic and Arabic literature florished became the tools of the spread of Islam.
Medieval Encounters: Conflict and Coexistence
MEDIEVAL ENCOUNTERS OUTLINE 23.12.2009
Cultural heritage of the medieval world: transmission of knowledge in the Mediterranean
Between the two worlds of Islam and christendom: Even through the crusades and amidst battle peoples of different faiths sharing rather than enmity.
The trade network of the Mediterranean, uninterrupted since the ancient times, assured the exchange of goods between Christianity and Islam.
Crusades as the end-result of Christian peoples extending to the Mediterranean in search of wealth and land; Jihad as an attempt to share rather than destroy as exempilified in Salahaddin Eyyubi.
On the other side of the Islamic world, through the Abbasids that came upon Sasanian and Byzantine religlous traditions of imperial culture: a dynamic, pluralistic and competitive Islam.
Two movements of cultural expansion:
1. The Abbasid Renaissance: 8th-10th century
Unrivaled intellectual center for science, philosophy, medicine and education. Many classic works of antiquity translated into Arabic and Persian
2. Latin Translation Movement: 12th-13th century. New centers of learning that relied on the recovery of Greek knowledge through Arabic sources translated into Latin (and later Hebrew)
Channels of Transmission of Knowledge:
centers such as Alexandria, Antioch, Tarsus, Harran as well as Zoroastrian centers of Hellenistic learning in Persia, and Syriac speaking Biblical centers such as Urfa, Mosul
education: from the House of Wisdom to the Madrasa as of the 11th century and to the emergence of colleges anduniversities in Europe.
Aristotelian logic: Wisdom is there as Aristotle claimed and can be applied to belief. One searches for reason –and so does in school- and applies to religion to arrive at theology. (To Understand I believe: motto of scholasticim)
Also applied in Islam through Kalam. (İbn Sina)
Products of Mutual Penetration and Influence of Islamic and Christian world:
The Norman Kingdom of Sicily (11th century) When Normans invaded Sicily it was under Islamic rule with very much and Arabic culture that they assimilated into rather than reject it.
Thus Europe re-discovered ancient Greco-Roman sources and embraced it as its own.
The influence on the Islamic world was also to play great role in the development of Sufism.
None of us took this city from Muslims. No Muslim of the great army now coming against us was born when the city was lost. We fight over an offense we did not give against those who were not alive to be offended.
What is Jerusalem? Your holy places lie over the Jewish temple. that the Romans pulled down. The Muslim places of worship lie over yours. Which is more holy? The wall? The mosque? The sepulcher (tomb)? Who has claim? No one has claim. All has claim.
A contemporary depiction of the crusades
A translation from Arabic to Latin, 1542
Mustansiriyah Madrasah, Baghdad
Beit al Hikmah, Baghdad
Paris University, 14th century
Norman Kingdom of Sicily (1100-1250)
Cultural heritage of the medieval world: transmission of knowledge in the Mediterranean
Between the two worlds of Islam and christendom: Even through the crusades and amidst battle peoples of different faiths sharing rather than enmity.
The trade network of the Mediterranean, uninterrupted since the ancient times, assured the exchange of goods between Christianity and Islam.
Crusades as the end-result of Christian peoples extending to the Mediterranean in search of wealth and land; Jihad as an attempt to share rather than destroy as exempilified in Salahaddin Eyyubi.
On the other side of the Islamic world, through the Abbasids that came upon Sasanian and Byzantine religlous traditions of imperial culture: a dynamic, pluralistic and competitive Islam.
Two movements of cultural expansion:
1. The Abbasid Renaissance: 8th-10th century
Unrivaled intellectual center for science, philosophy, medicine and education. Many classic works of antiquity translated into Arabic and Persian
2. Latin Translation Movement: 12th-13th century. New centers of learning that relied on the recovery of Greek knowledge through Arabic sources translated into Latin (and later Hebrew)
Channels of Transmission of Knowledge:
centers such as Alexandria, Antioch, Tarsus, Harran as well as Zoroastrian centers of Hellenistic learning in Persia, and Syriac speaking Biblical centers such as Urfa, Mosul
education: from the House of Wisdom to the Madrasa as of the 11th century and to the emergence of colleges anduniversities in Europe.
Aristotelian logic: Wisdom is there as Aristotle claimed and can be applied to belief. One searches for reason –and so does in school- and applies to religion to arrive at theology. (To Understand I believe: motto of scholasticim)
Also applied in Islam through Kalam. (İbn Sina)
Products of Mutual Penetration and Influence of Islamic and Christian world:
The Norman Kingdom of Sicily (11th century) When Normans invaded Sicily it was under Islamic rule with very much and Arabic culture that they assimilated into rather than reject it.
Thus Europe re-discovered ancient Greco-Roman sources and embraced it as its own.
The influence on the Islamic world was also to play great role in the development of Sufism.
None of us took this city from Muslims. No Muslim of the great army now coming against us was born when the city was lost. We fight over an offense we did not give against those who were not alive to be offended.
What is Jerusalem? Your holy places lie over the Jewish temple. that the Romans pulled down. The Muslim places of worship lie over yours. Which is more holy? The wall? The mosque? The sepulcher (tomb)? Who has claim? No one has claim. All has claim.
A contemporary depiction of the crusades
A translation from Arabic to Latin, 1542
Mustansiriyah Madrasah, Baghdad
Beit al Hikmah, Baghdad
Paris University, 14th century
Norman Kingdom of Sicily (1100-1250)
27 Aralık 2009 Pazar
Review Sessions
Four review sessions will be held on Monday 4 January, at TB 490. The schedule is as follows:
09.00-11.00
11.00-13.00
13.00-15.00
15.00-17.00
You are expected to attend any one of these sessions depending on your convenience. Attendance will be taken. You dont have to go to your own TAs session. TB490 is not a large room, therefore we recommend you to consider, if possible, the first and the last sessions, since at 11 and 13, you might not find a seat.
09.00-11.00
11.00-13.00
13.00-15.00
15.00-17.00
You are expected to attend any one of these sessions depending on your convenience. Attendance will be taken. You dont have to go to your own TAs session. TB490 is not a large room, therefore we recommend you to consider, if possible, the first and the last sessions, since at 11 and 13, you might not find a seat.
16 Aralık 2009 Çarşamba
Medieval Near Eastern Societies
Non-Muslim Communities in the Early Islamic World
Ahl al-dhimma (“Protected People”): dhimmi
-obliged to pay poll tax (jizya) and land tax (kharaj)
-allowed to practice and organize own religion
-dhimmi women allowed to marry Muslim men (but not vice-versa); children would be Muslim
-conversion of Muslims not permitted
-allowed to hold positions in administration
-generally held to be inferior in social standing to Muslims
Who were the ahl al-dhimma?
Ahl al-kitab (“People of the Book”)
1. Jews (Banu Isra’il, Yahud)
-isra’iliyyat (stories about Hebrew prophets and Biblical figures)
2. Christians (Nasara / Nasrani: “from Nazareth”): Monophysites, Chalcedonians, Nestorians
-monasticism
-transmission of ancient Greek learning
Extension of ahl al-kitab (and dhimmi) status:
1. Zoroastrians (Majus – “Magians”)
-dualist religion
-written scriptures (Avesta)
2. Sabians (Sabi’un)
a. Judeo-Christian baptising sects esp. in Iraq
b. Pagan star-worshippers of Harran
Manicheaism (zandaqa; zindiq):
-not included among the ahl al-dhimma
-dualist teachings of 3rd c. prophet Mani
-zandaqa came to mean “heresy”
-repressed and persecuted
Page from a Qur’an manuscript, probably Iraq, 9th c., parchment
Kufic script
Translation movement:
-began under Abbasid caliph al-Mansur
-continued for some 200 years
-inspired by Sasanian imperial ideology
-Bayt al-hikma (“House of Wisdom”) in Baghdad
-initially translations from Pahlavi (Middle Persian)
-later translations from Greek
Subjects covered by the Translation Movement (750-950):
-Quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music)
-Entire field of Aristotelian philosophy
-metaphysics -ethics -logic -physics -zoology -botany
-Health sciences (medicine, pharmacology, veterinary science)
-Occult sciences: (magic, alchemy, astrology)
Revival of the Persian literary in the 10th c.:
Samanid dynasty (819-1005):
-Iranian aristocratic family
-establish a state in Eastern Iran and Central Asia
capital Bukhara
-active sponsorship of learning and New Persian literature (esp. poetry)
-translations from Arabic into Persian
-Shahnama (“Book of Kings”)
– Persian national epic of the pre-Islamic Iranian kings by the poet Firdawsi: highly influential text for later Iranian and Turkish societies.
Ahl al-dhimma (“Protected People”): dhimmi
-obliged to pay poll tax (jizya) and land tax (kharaj)
-allowed to practice and organize own religion
-dhimmi women allowed to marry Muslim men (but not vice-versa); children would be Muslim
-conversion of Muslims not permitted
-allowed to hold positions in administration
-generally held to be inferior in social standing to Muslims
Who were the ahl al-dhimma?
Ahl al-kitab (“People of the Book”)
1. Jews (Banu Isra’il, Yahud)
-isra’iliyyat (stories about Hebrew prophets and Biblical figures)
2. Christians (Nasara / Nasrani: “from Nazareth”): Monophysites, Chalcedonians, Nestorians
-monasticism
-transmission of ancient Greek learning
Extension of ahl al-kitab (and dhimmi) status:
1. Zoroastrians (Majus – “Magians”)
-dualist religion
-written scriptures (Avesta)
2. Sabians (Sabi’un)
a. Judeo-Christian baptising sects esp. in Iraq
b. Pagan star-worshippers of Harran
Manicheaism (zandaqa; zindiq):
-not included among the ahl al-dhimma
-dualist teachings of 3rd c. prophet Mani
-zandaqa came to mean “heresy”
-repressed and persecuted
Page from a Qur’an manuscript, probably Iraq, 9th c., parchment
Kufic script
Translation movement:
-began under Abbasid caliph al-Mansur
-continued for some 200 years
-inspired by Sasanian imperial ideology
-Bayt al-hikma (“House of Wisdom”) in Baghdad
-initially translations from Pahlavi (Middle Persian)
-later translations from Greek
Subjects covered by the Translation Movement (750-950):
-Quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music)
-Entire field of Aristotelian philosophy
-metaphysics -ethics -logic -physics -zoology -botany
-Health sciences (medicine, pharmacology, veterinary science)
-Occult sciences: (magic, alchemy, astrology)
Revival of the Persian literary in the 10th c.:
Samanid dynasty (819-1005):
-Iranian aristocratic family
-establish a state in Eastern Iran and Central Asia
capital Bukhara
-active sponsorship of learning and New Persian literature (esp. poetry)
-translations from Arabic into Persian
-Shahnama (“Book of Kings”)
– Persian national epic of the pre-Islamic Iranian kings by the poet Firdawsi: highly influential text for later Iranian and Turkish societies.
Religious and Political Fragmentation in the Islamic World
Abbasid Revolution 749-50
Al-Andalus: first breakaway province: Umayyad state
Political fragmentation of the Islamic world in the 9th c.
Khariji movement:
-begins with opposition to ‘Ali regarding the decision to arbitrate over the punishment of ‘Uthman’s assassins
-responsible for the assassination of ‘Ali in 661
-first definite dissent and division in the Islamic community
(kharijis: “those who went out”)
-emphasis on egalitarian and morally puritannical leadership
Ibadi movement:
-later development from the Kharijis
-formed groups of opposition to the Abbasids in N. Africa among native Berber people
Rustamid dynasty (761-909)
-anti-Abbasid independent state
-conceived as a “correction” to past and present Islamic states
Sect: a dissenting or schismatic religious group, sometimes considered extreme or heretical by opponents… (sectarian, sectarianism)
Shi‘a: party or faction
Shi‘at ‘Ali: party (supporters) of ‘Ali and ‘Alids
Shi‘i: a member of Shi‘at ‘Ali
‘Alid: a descendent of ‘Ali
Genealogy of the Shi‘i imamate
Principles of the Shi‘i imamate as developed in the 8th c.:
-divinely-guided
-sovereign in religious and political terms
-keeper of authority and secret knowledge for the interpretation of the Qur’an, hadith, law
-free from sin and error (infallibility)
-explicity designated by his predecessor (nass)
-a necessary institution
Divisions within Shi’ism:
- “Fiver” / Zaydi
- “Sevener”/Isma‘ili
- “Twelver” / Imami
Fatimids:
-‘Ubayd Allah claims to be the manifestation (zuhur) of the Hidden Imam :took the title al-Mahdi
-909: Declaration of the Fatimid Caliphate (title: amir al-mu’minin) in N. Africa: ideological and military challenge to the Abbasids
-969: Conquest of Egypt
The Caliphate: From Medina to Damascus and Bagdad
Succession to the leadership of the Prophet Muhammad (632)
—possible choices:
- ‘Ali (cousin and son-in-law) ?
-Ansar (supporters from Medina) ?
-Muhajirun (emigrants from Mecca) ?
The Rightly-Guided Caliphs (“Rashidun”):
Abu Bakr (632-34)
‘Umar (634-44)
‘Uthman (644-56)
‘Ali (656-61)
imam = supreme leader of the Muslim community (umma)
imama = supreme leadership, imamate
khalifa (“deputy”) = caliph
khilafa = caliphate
amir al-mu’minin (“commander of the faithful”) = caliph
misr / amsar (garrison town/s): Kufa, Basra, Fustat, Kairawan
diwan: register of Arab soldiers
sabiqa: social priority based on the time of conversion to Islam, used to determine salaries of soldiers, etc.
ahl al-dhimma: “protected people” (Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians) living in conquered lands
dhimmi: a member of the ahl al-dhimma
jizya: poll tax on dhimmis
mawla (pl. mawali): non-Arab (Muslim) clients of Arab tribes
First Civil War (656-661)
-Assassination of ‘Uthman after an uprising in Kufa (656)
-‘Ali became 4th caliph
-Unresolved issue of the punishment of ‘Uthman’s assassins fueled the First Civil War
- ‘Ali challenged by Mu’awiya (governor of Syria)
‘Ali agreed to arbitration on issue of punishment
- Assassination of ‘Ali (661); Mu’awiya became caliph
Mu’awiya:
-governor of Syria
-member of Banu Umayya clan
-became caliph in 661
-established the Umayyad Caliphate (661-750)
Umayyad Caliphate (661-750)
-capital: Damascus
‘Abd al-Malik (r. 685-705):
-ended the Second Civil War in 692 by force
-administrative reforms to create a centralized empire
-Arabic as official language
-monetary reforms
-establishment of a state with all necessary institutions
‘Abd al-Malik’s monetary reform:
-central issues
-standard weight
-inscriptions instead of images
Dinar (gold coin): 696-7
Dirham (silver coin): 698-9
Dome of the Rock (Jerusalem), built in 691-2 on the site of the old Jewish Temple (destroyed prior to Islam)
Caliph al-Walid I (r. 705-15)
Conquest of Central Asia
Conquest of Spain
Great Mosque of Damascus, begun 705/6 by Caliph al-Walid I (r. 705-15)
Problems faced by the Umayyads in the 8th c.:
1. Dissatisfaction of the Shi’is regarding the basis of Umayyad power (believed to be illegitimate)
2. Resentment against Syria from the provinces
Resentment against Arabs by non-Arabs
749: Abbasid Revolution (led by descendents of the Prophet’s uncle ‘Abbas)
750: Establishment of Abbasid Caliphate
-new capital established by caliph al- Mansur-- Baghdad
—possible choices:
- ‘Ali (cousin and son-in-law) ?
-Ansar (supporters from Medina) ?
-Muhajirun (emigrants from Mecca) ?
The Rightly-Guided Caliphs (“Rashidun”):
Abu Bakr (632-34)
‘Umar (634-44)
‘Uthman (644-56)
‘Ali (656-61)
imam = supreme leader of the Muslim community (umma)
imama = supreme leadership, imamate
khalifa (“deputy”) = caliph
khilafa = caliphate
amir al-mu’minin (“commander of the faithful”) = caliph
misr / amsar (garrison town/s): Kufa, Basra, Fustat, Kairawan
diwan: register of Arab soldiers
sabiqa: social priority based on the time of conversion to Islam, used to determine salaries of soldiers, etc.
ahl al-dhimma: “protected people” (Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians) living in conquered lands
dhimmi: a member of the ahl al-dhimma
jizya: poll tax on dhimmis
mawla (pl. mawali): non-Arab (Muslim) clients of Arab tribes
First Civil War (656-661)
-Assassination of ‘Uthman after an uprising in Kufa (656)
-‘Ali became 4th caliph
-Unresolved issue of the punishment of ‘Uthman’s assassins fueled the First Civil War
- ‘Ali challenged by Mu’awiya (governor of Syria)
‘Ali agreed to arbitration on issue of punishment
- Assassination of ‘Ali (661); Mu’awiya became caliph
Mu’awiya:
-governor of Syria
-member of Banu Umayya clan
-became caliph in 661
-established the Umayyad Caliphate (661-750)
Umayyad Caliphate (661-750)
-capital: Damascus
‘Abd al-Malik (r. 685-705):
-ended the Second Civil War in 692 by force
-administrative reforms to create a centralized empire
-Arabic as official language
-monetary reforms
-establishment of a state with all necessary institutions
‘Abd al-Malik’s monetary reform:
-central issues
-standard weight
-inscriptions instead of images
Dinar (gold coin): 696-7
Dirham (silver coin): 698-9
Dome of the Rock (Jerusalem), built in 691-2 on the site of the old Jewish Temple (destroyed prior to Islam)
Caliph al-Walid I (r. 705-15)
Conquest of Central Asia
Conquest of Spain
Great Mosque of Damascus, begun 705/6 by Caliph al-Walid I (r. 705-15)
Problems faced by the Umayyads in the 8th c.:
1. Dissatisfaction of the Shi’is regarding the basis of Umayyad power (believed to be illegitimate)
2. Resentment against Syria from the provinces
Resentment against Arabs by non-Arabs
749: Abbasid Revolution (led by descendents of the Prophet’s uncle ‘Abbas)
750: Establishment of Abbasid Caliphate
-new capital established by caliph al- Mansur-- Baghdad
Religion in the Irano-Mediterranean World
Islamic World (“Dar al-Islam”) up to the 9th c.
Late Antiquity
3rd to 7th centuries:
Byzantine and Sasanian Empire
Christianity, 4th – 5th c.
-Debates over the true nature of Jesus Christ (Human? Divine? Both?)
-3 main Christological positions:
-Nestorian: Human nature
-Nestorian Church (Iraq, Iran and Asia)
-Monophysite: Divine nature
-Eastern Christian Churches [Armenian, Syrian, Coptic (Egyptian)]
-Chalcedonian: Both natures united in one person
-Orthodox Church (official church of the Byz. Empire)
Sasanian Empire: 221-651
-capital: Ctesiphon
-wars with Byzantine Empire: 602-28
Dualist religions (cosmic struggle between good and evil deities):
Zoroastrianism
-teachings of Zoroaster (11th c. BC)
-state religion of the Sasanian Empire
-Ahura Mazda (supreme god, principle of good)
-Ahriman (deity responsible for evil)
Manicheism
-teachings of Mani (3rd c.)
-universal message, drawing on Christianity, Zoroastrianism, etc.
-conflict between good and evil
-missionary activities in Iran, Central Asia and Inner Asia
•Arabian society in the 6th c.
-pastoralists
-agriculturalists
-merchants
•Tribal customs instead of government
•Arabic as common language
Mecca, 19th c. view of the Haram (“holy site”) with the Ka’ba in the center
Lineage of the Prophet Muhammad
Tribe: Quraysh
Clan: Banu Hashim
570: birth
610: first revelation
622: hijra (emigration) to Medina (Yathrib)
-emergence of the Muslim community (umma)
-Constitution of Medina
-struggles against Mecca (until 630)
Ka‘ba, Haram of Mecca
Revelation of the Qur’an, 610-632:
First Revelation:
Recite (iqra’): In the name of your Lord who created
Created mankind from a clot of blood.
Recite: And your Lord is most generous
He who instructed with the pen
Instructed mankind what he knew not.
(Opening verses of Chapter 96)
Q – R – ‘ (root)
iqra‘ : recite, read (imperative)
Qur’an : recitation
Central message of the Qur’an:
God (Allah):
-almighty, all-knowing, eternal, omnipresent Creator
-transcendent (no associates in any form)
-One (doctrine of tawhid: Unity of God)
-merciful and compassionate
Bismillah al-rahman al-rahim (basmala)
14 Aralık 2009 Pazartesi
Film Screening 16 December Wednesday
On Wednesday, 16 December, we will screen Kingdom of Heaven, directed by Ridley Scott (2005), at GKM 17.00.
11 Aralık 2009 Cuma
Feudalism in Japan
Until the 12th century, Japan was a monarchy with a civilian aristocracy. However, in the 12th century, a new warrior class, namely the samurai, emerged as a new political power so as to shape the medieval times in Japan until the Meiji Restoration of 1867.
This came about with the rise of land owners who had freedom from taxation called shoen and thus could deny government officials of agents entrance to their estates. The rise of the Shôen was directly related to the rise of the Japanese warrior. This meant the establishment of a system of parcellized power in the hands of a new warrior class which replaced the Heian aristocracy as the ruling class of the country and founded a feudal government, the Bakufu or the tent government without challenging the sanctity of the imperial throne. Ever since the abandonment of military conscription in 792 local governors and shoen managers relied upon their own military recruits selected form among local chieftains. These local chieftains formed lord and vassal relationships with the shoen managers.
At the center of the class of warriors termed as samurai meaning servant were the chieftains of the great clans of the Taira and Minamoto whose rivalry formed the drama of political history in the rise of a military society. Both clans were led by men of arictocratic origin or royal blood who were descendents from an offsrping of the imperial family made into separate families and settled in the countryside. Family and pride of ancestry were important elements of a warlike spirit anda tradition of loyalty. These were unruly storng men who were warlike and the cause of much internal dissent and chaos in the countryside.
The Emergence of the Warrior Class (Samurai):
* Decline of the central government
* Police and military power-->hands of the local magnates
* 792 necessary military forces by local governors
Establishment and Supremacy of the Taira clans:
* 1167 Kiyomori appointed to dajÙ daijin (chancellor) &virtual dictator
* Governorships of 30 provinces, over 500 shoen
* Commerce with Sung China &building the port of Hyogo
* Ruling through the imperial court in cooperation with the cloistered emperor
* If one is not a Taira, one is not a human being *
* The Tale of the Heike *
Establishment of Kamakura Bakufu
(Tent Government) 1185:
* Seated in Kamakura Minamoto no Yoritomo in 1185
* Removed all potential rivals: all the important members of the Taira family, his own brother Yoshitsune, his non-in law, half-brother Noriyori
* Obtained imperial sanctions for all his policies and decrees
* 1185 assumed the position of supreme constable and supreme land steward of all 66 provinces
* Proprietary rights over the lands her formerly held in Kantu region: appointed the governors from among his followers
* Acquired the lands formerly held by the Tairas (500 shoen)
* 1192 Yoritomo was appointed seiitaishÙgun (Supreme General): official military commander-in-chief
Bakufu (tent government)
administrative system:
* Not to replace the imperial government in Kyoto
* To manage the Minamoto family * affairs:
1) Office of Samurai:promotions and demotions fo the samurai
2) Administrative office:managed administrative, legislative, and lega affaires
3)Court of Appeals: judical bord to settle civil disputes --> employed members of the Kyoto aristocracy
“Feudalism” in Japan in summary:
* Reciprocal military obligations between warlords (shôgun) and vassals
* “On (favors)” and services (12th century)
* Authorized right of tax collecting
* Gradually acquired the authorities
* Emergence of a new landholding class and military leaders: daimyô (15th century)
* Baku-han system in Edo period (1603-1868)
* Daimyôs as vassals of shôgun
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