• Subsistence
• Surplus
• Alluvial plains
• Craft specialization
• Social complexity
• Pristine civilizations
• Uruk
• Wheel-made pottery
Fact:
Establishment of First Villages and Agricultural Transformation
. Where do we find early villages ? Why ?
. What is the next step? How are agricultural villages able to spread beyond their ‘ecological’ niche?
. Where do we begin to see villages from the 6th millennium onwards?
Settlement in Mesopotamia:
• Alluvial Plains created by the Euphrates and Tigris rivers = Mesopotamia (modern term)
• village type of settlements begin here in the course of the 6th millennium (irrigation)
• Settlement pattern studies
• in the course of the 4th millennium development of one major urban scale center: the city of URUK (Warka in modern Arabic, Erech in the Old Testament)
How do we define an urban center?
Following Criteria derived from G. Childe’s proposal
• Size of settlements
• Full-time specialization of labor
• Economic surplus
• Monumental public works
• Long-distance trade
• Institutionalization of religion
• Emergence of writing
Early Dynastic Political Discourse:
City-state: central town+villages in hinterland (r= ca. 15 km)
Two types of land-use:
1. cultivated land=irrigated
2. Pasture land,hunting area
Population growth+dryer climate=stress
Competition for land!! New concept leads to organized warfare
Mesopotamian ideology about cities:
•Cities built for specific Deities
•Deities live in a world parallel to humans
•Temples are divine households
•Temple administration=urban elite=owns land
•Private land ownership on a small scale also exists however.
•Economy organized in households Divine and private.
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