Terminology
AnatolianChronology
Early Bronze Age ca 3000-2000 BC
Middle Bronze Age ca. 2000-1650 BC
Late Bronze Age ca. 1650-1200 BC
Kanesh, Karum, Wabartum, Neshili
Hattusha, Hittites, Hattic
Social stratification
Land-deed tablet
Seals and seal impressions, bulla
Anatolia is topographically too large and differentiated to exhibit unified development: regional traits prevail for millennia from the first permanent settlements on
EARLY BRONZE AGE
Anatolia in the Third Millennium BC
No literacy discovered so far, thus language/s not known
Life takes place mainly in villages
Larger centers do exist, beginning of settlement hierarchies = network of settlements
Increase of social stratification/ reflected in lay-out of settlements and cemeteries
Sites with monumental buildings begin to appear i.e. West= Troia, Beycesultan, Center= Kanesh
Towns have fortification walls and towers and gate ways
Dry Farming (importance of rain, W-god)
Animal husbandry (sheep, goat,
Metal processing (bronze, copper, silver, gold, electrum)
Some areas involved in long-distance trade
Administration: seals and seal impressions
Formal cemeteries distinct from settlement
Complex iconography known only from Central Anatolia
MIDDLE BRONZE AGE First half of 2nd millennium BC
Anatolia between 2000-1650 BC
Dominant political organization city-states cf. to Early Dynastic Mesopotamia
Central authority: palace Fierce competition
Trade network involves connections to Northern Mesopotamia
First written records appear, imported
Private archives of merchants: historical primary source
Hattusha-Boğazköy
150 km E of Ankara
Today open-air museum
Center of a National History Park
Since 1986 one of Turkey’s nine sites in the UNESCO list of world cultural heritage
Since 2001 the clay tablet archives at Hattusha have been included in the UNESCO ‘Memory of the World’ list.
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